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Authors
Ao, Ting
Huang, Yingxiu
Zhen, Peng
Hu, Ming
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Article History
Received: 21 August 2024
Accepted: 10 October 2025
First Online: 4 November 2025
Declarations
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: The MIMIC-IV database has received ethical approval from the institutional review boards at BIDMC (2001-P-001699/14) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (No. 0403000206). The first author, Ting Ao, obtained permission to use the MIMIC-IV database upon successful completion of the required online training and certification (Certificate ID: 58844105). All research activities were conducted in accordance with applicable laws and institutional policies. In addition, the requirement for written informed consent from participants or their legal representatives was waived by the ethics committee/institutional review board, since the database contained no protected health information.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
