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Authors
Dent, Arlene E.
Rosa, Bruce A.
Dobbs, Katherine R.
Ogolla, Sidney
Midem, David
Embury, Paula
Skomorovska-Prokvolit, Yelenna
Hannon, Emily R.
Koech, Emmily
Schmaier, Alvin H.
Otieno, Walter
Mitreva, Makedonka
Kazura, James W.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (R21 139898, R21 139898, R21 139898)
National Institutes of Health, United States (R01 AI130131, R01 AI130131, R01 AI130131, R01 AI130131, R01 AI130131)
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Article History
Received: 12 May 2025
Accepted: 14 October 2025
First Online: 5 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) Scientific and Ethical Review Unit and University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Institutional Review Board. Patients were enrolled from 2017 to 2021 at the Chulaimbo Sub-District Hospital in Kisumu County, Kenya. Parental informed consent was obtained for all study participants. This study in in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration ( ).
: All authors consent that the manuscript should be considered for publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
