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Authors
Shao, Wenming
Yan, Jianlong
Pan, Yanbin
Jiang, Yabin
Liu, Hui
Zhang, Luming
Lyu, Jun
Yin, Haiyan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China
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Article History
Received: 16 June 2024
Accepted: 14 October 2025
First Online: 9 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study involved the analysis of a third-party anonymized publicly available database with preexisting institutional review board (IRB) approval. The data extracted from the MIMIC-IV database do not require individual informed consent because the MIMIC-IV database research data are publicly available and all patient data are deidentified. The database was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. To protect patient privacy, all private information in the database depository was removed. Thus, informed consent and the ethical approval statement were waived for this study. The study was consistent with the Declaration of Helsinki compliant principles.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
