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Authors
Mahdi, Rabi Ahmed
Hayatu, Ahmad https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4818-2049
Hassan, Umar Mohammed
Aliyu, Muhammad Sani
Doko, Muhammad Hassan Isa
Yahaya, Usman
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Article History
Received: 22 August 2025
Accepted: 23 October 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research and Ethics Committee of the Federal Teaching Hospital, Gombe, Nigeria (approval number: NHREC/25/10/2013). All participants (or parents/guardians in the case of minors) provided written informed consent prior to enrolment. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality was ensured by anonymising all data. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
