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Authors
Simpson, Shirley Victoria
Arima, Hiroaki
Behene, Eric
Nundu, Sabin S.
Hammond, John
Atta-Owusu, Rita
Noah-Quarm, Paul
Kotey, Nana Konama
Asiedu, Kingsley
Addo, Kennedy Kwasi
Yotsu, Rie Roselyne
Yamamoto, Taro
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Article History
Received: 23 October 2024
Accepted: 3 November 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the ethics committees of the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana (approval number FWA 00001824; IRB 00001276; NMIMR-IRB CPN 034/20–21), Nagasaki University (approval number 210,225,254), and the Ghana Health Service (approval number GHS-ERC:014/05/21). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from parents/guardians for participants under 16 years old. For participants aged 16 years or above, written informed consent was obtained directly from the participants themselves. A local translator or survey team member explained the study information and consent procedures.
: The consent for publication was obtained from parents/guardians of each child and participant during the study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
