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Authors
Wang, Song
Tang, Yang
Ma, Yanbin
Wang, Shuyun
Zhang, Rui
Xie, Qing
Cai, Wanni
Duan, Jinju
Yin, Donghong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Health Commission of Shanxi Province (2023XG032)
National Key Research and Development Program of China ((2024YFC2510403))
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2024
Accepted: 7 November 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committees of 25 hospitals, including the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, with central ethics approval reference number (2023) YX (334). Since the study did not record personal identifiers (such as names, ID numbers, or hospitalization numbers) and used only coded data to protect confidentiality, the ethics committees of 23 hospitals waived the requirement for informed consent. Two hospitals required participants to be notified and informed about the study’s objectives via telephone. These participants were informed of their right to refuse participation, and signed informed consent was not needed.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
