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Article History

Received: 7 September 2025

Accepted: 14 November 2025

First Online: 22 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted based on the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by an independent Ethical Review Board of Nepal Health Research Council. Data on antibiotics consumption were obtained from the hospital records for each admitted patients. Patients were not directly involved or interviewed; therefore, individual informed consent was not required. No individual personal data were collected, anonymity was guaranteed, participation was voluntary and administrative approval was obtained from selected hospitals.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.