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Authors
Lee, Clara Eunyoung
Howe, Amy A.
Wilson, Natalie J.
Grima, Alicia A.
Fisman, David N.
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Article History
Received: 23 July 2025
Accepted: 25 November 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Board, University of Toronto (No. 48684). The study was performed on pre-collected anonymized datasets and patients and the public were not involved in the conduct of this research. Ethics approval and informed consent were therefore not required, in accordance with institutional guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: DNF has served on advisory boards related to influenza and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for Seqirus, Pfizer, Astrazeneca and Sanofi-Pasteur Vaccines, and hasserved as a legal expert on issues related to COVID-19 epidemiology for the Elementary Teachers Federation of Ontario and the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario. NJW was employed by Johnson and Johnson Innovative Medicine in 2022. AAG, AHH and CEL: no competing interests.
