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Authors
Chakulya, Martin
Chisompola, David
Chawela, Nyondo
Hatwiko, Hanzooma
Mutalange, Matenge
Ngosa, Memory
Mupeta, Geofrey
Mubanga, Marshall C.
Siame, Lukundo
Hajamba, Chipego
Banda, Ebenezer
Povia, Joreen P.
Shimaponda-Mataa, Nzooma M.
Masenga, Sepiso K.
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Article History
Received: 21 August 2025
Accepted: 27 November 2025
First Online: 1 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Mulungushi University School of Medicine and Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee (MUSOMHSREC), which is the ethics committee under the Mulungushi University School of Medicine and Health Sciences (IRB: 00012281, FWA: 0002888; Reference No. SMHS-MU2-2025-25). The need for written informed consent and assent from participants and their guardians was waived by the MUSOMHSREC due to the retrospective nature of the study and the minimal risk posed to participants. To ensure confidentiality, patient information was anonymized, and all data were encrypted using encryption within the data collection and analysis tool. Access to the data was strictly restricted to the study investigators through password-protected systems and minimizing the risk of unauthorized access or disclosure. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
