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Authors
Steulet, Adrian https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7656-1136
Hippner, Piotr https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2530-7917
Maraba, Noriah https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3974-5961
Jennings, Lauren https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4749-2404
Rabothata, Israel https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2807-4562
Mukora, Rachel https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4304-1729
Xaba, Nokhanyo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3423-7191
Mchunu, Lihle https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5086-4392
Velen, Kavindhran https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8577-3915
Orrell, Catherine https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1134-7475
Charalambous, Salome https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7143-1009
Fielding, Katherine https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6524-3754
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1205388)
TB REACH Wave 6 project of Stop TB Partnership (STBP/TBREACH/GSA/W6-34)
South African Medical Research Council through the Strategic Health Innovation Partnerships
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Article History
Received: 28 March 2024
Accepted: 3 December 2025
First Online: 7 January 2026
Declarations
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: The parent study (trial) and associated analyses obtained approval from the Wits Human Research Committee (Ref 180705), the University of Cape Town Human Ethics Research Committee (Ref 452/2018) and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Ref 16107). In addition, ethics approval was obtained from the MSc Research Ethics Committee at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Ref 27519) to conduct this secondary data analysis. The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study also obtained approval from the three district health departments: eThekwini, Ekurhuleni and the City of Cape Town. The trial was registered with the Pan African Trial Registry PACTR201902681157721, date of registry 11/02/2019. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants prior to study initiation.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants prior to study enrolment.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
