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Article History

Received: 21 October 2025

Accepted: 4 December 2025

First Online: 9 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The Human Research Ethics Committee of the relevant institution reviewed and approved this study, adhering to the ethical principles established in the Declaration of Helsinki and applicable research ethics regulations. Ethical approval was obtained from the Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Nakhon Si Thammarat (Certification No. F-03/2567). The committee also approved a waiver of informed consent, as the study used anonymized, left-over clinical specimens collected for routine diagnostic purposes. No personally identifiable information was accessed, and the researchers were unable to trace or recontact individual patients. Therefore, obtaining informed consent from participants was not required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.