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Authors
Kavai, Susan Mutile
Mbae, Cecilia
Mugo, Michael
Njoroge, Peter
Chepchirchir, Jessica
Wambui, Naomi
Anyona, Steve
Imoli, Diana
Ng’etich, Ronald
Kibet, Evans
Odityo, Georgina
Mundalo, Sheillah
Wairimu, Celestine
Kariuki, Mary
Njuguna, Amos
Wamucii, Evelyn
Mbithi, Winfred
Owegi, Darius
Muturi, Peter
Kebenei, Collins
Miriti, Humphrey
Komen, Naomi
Kioko, Christine
Kawira, Maureen
Kavai, June
Osman, Rahma
Wakio, Zillah
Ongadi, Beatrice
Onsare, Robert
Kering, Kelvin
Kariuki, Samuel
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (R01AI099525)
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Article History
Received: 12 October 2025
Accepted: 5 December 2025
First Online: 10 December 2025
Declarations
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: Written informed consent was obtained from all parents or guardians of the participants. Children aged 12 to 16 years provided additional verbal assent. The study received ethical approval from the Kenya Medical Research Institute Scientific and Ethics Review Unit (SERU; reference SCC2076). Participant confidentiality and data anonymity throughout the study was ensured. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human participants.
: Not applicable.
: The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
