Du, Jiaxing https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9685-5382
Ma, Keze
Ye, Zhiwei
Song, Juanli
Chen, Sujun
Yu, Jie
Liu, Bing
Jiang, Zixuan
Zhang, Fen https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1150-3080
Article History
Received: 16 April 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025
First Online: 16 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The study was performed according to the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration. The use of the NWICU database was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Northwestern University and Northwestern Medicine. The data is de-identified and stored in the Northwestern Medicine Enterprise Data Warehouse (NM EDW), therefore, the ethical approval statement and the requirement for informed consent were waived for this study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.