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Authors
Obeng-Aboagye, Elizabeth
Daakyire, Angelica
Aniapam, Portia Owusua
Lamptey, Amanda
Gyamfi, Grace Opoku
Gyekye, Emmanuel Frimpong
Dorcoo, Christopher
Lomotey, Elvis Suatey
Donkor, Irene Owusu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV ID - 024130)
African Academy of Sciences (SARS-CoV2-4-004)
Division of Intramural Research
WHO AFRO (2021/1166179-0)
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Article History
Received: 15 September 2025
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 20 December 2025
Declarations
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: Procedures in this study conform with the Ghana Public Health Act, 2012 (Act 851) and the Data Protection Act, 2012, and adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human participants. Ethical approval (NMIMR-IRB CPN 075/19–20) was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of NMIMR, University of Ghana. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects and/or their legal guardians (for subjects aged below 18 years). All consenting participants agreed to future use of their samples. Both verbal and written consent was obtained from all participants in the presence of a witness and from the parent/guardian of minors; this was done to ensure that the study was thoroughly explained to the participants and their parents/guardians.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
