Document is current

Article History

Received: 19 December 2024

Accepted: 15 December 2025

First Online: 8 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study exclusively utilized anonymized aggregate surveillance data collected and maintained by the Yunnan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, in accordance with China’s Infectious Disease Control Law (1991, revised 2013) and related public health regulations. The data used for this research were routinely reported for public health monitoring and did not involve patient-level identifiable information, ensuring full compliance with principles of confidentiality and data protection. As such, individual informed consent was not required. The need for ethical approval was waived by the Yunnan Provincial Ethics Committee, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Biosecurity Law (2020) and the Scientific and Technological Progress Law (2021), which exempt certain public health data studies from requiring individual ethical review. This study adheres to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) and its later amendments.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.