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Article History

Received: 20 December 2024

Accepted: 15 December 2025

First Online: 24 December 2025

Declarations

:

: All studies were approved by relevant national controlling bodies and ethical committees at the different sites and was done in accordance with Good Clinical Practice Guidelines and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (Study 1 [B-130191-001] by Institutional Review Board [IRB] at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital in Republic of Korea; Study 2 [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT0081646, registered on (2008-12-29)] by IRB at Pusan National University Hospital, Asan Medical Center and National Medical Center in Republic of Korea; Study 3 [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01498419] by IRB at Karl Bremer Hospital, University of Cape Town Lung Institute Ltd, KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, CHRU Themba Lethu Clinic, Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital, Tembisa Hospital in South Africa and Ifakara Health Institute, Mbeya Medical Research Programme in Tanzania; Study 4 [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02193776] by IRB at Tembisa Hospital, Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital, TASK Applied Science, University of Cape Town Lung Institute Ltd, Tuberculosis & HIV Investigative Network of KwaZulu-Natal, CHRU Themba Lethu Clinic, Helen Joseph Hospital in South Africa and Ifakara Health Institute, Mbeya Medical Research Programme in Tanzania and Uganda Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration in Uganda; Study 5 [ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02342886] by IRB at National Center for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases in Georgia, Keny Medical Research Institute in Kenya, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Institute of Respiratory Medicine in Malaysia, Philippine General Hospital, Vincent Balang, Lung Center of Philippines in Philippines; TASK, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Setshaba Research Centre, Tembisa Hospital, CHRU Themba Lethu Clinic, Durban International Clinical Trials Unit, Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital, Synexus SA, Madibeng Centre for Research, Tuberculosis & HIV Investigative Network of Kwazulu Natal, Aurum Institute, Aurum Institute: Rustenberg in South Africa, Ifakara Health Institute, Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Kilimanjaro National Institute for Medical Research in Tanzania, Uganda CWRU Research Collaboration in Uganda and Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia). All patients provided written informed consent before the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.