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Authors
Zheng, Zitong
He, Junyu
Wang, Longhao
Shao, Feng
Zhang, Danjie
Qu, Ruidong
Wen, Liang
Wang, Yong
Xu, Yuanyong
Chang, Zhaorui
Zhang, Wenyi
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Article History
Received: 26 July 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 25 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study did not involve any human intervention or clinical trials. The use of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) case data was based on routine public health surveillance activities in China. According to national regulations, such surveillance data are exempt from institutional ethics review. Therefore, ethics approval was not required for this study. As all data were anonymized and contained no personal identifiers or private health information, the requirement for informed consent was also deemed unnecessary. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Clinical trial number .
: Not applicable.
