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Authors
Tang, Kai
Zha, Yejun
Chen, Chen
Lu, Shuai
Jiang, Xieyuan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute (Cultivation project 2023-1)
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Article History
Received: 15 May 2025
Accepted: 19 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University. Given the retrospective nature of the study and the use of deidentified data, the requirement for written informed consent to participate was waived by the Ethics Committee of Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University. This waiver aligns with national regulations and ethical guidelines for retrospective studies involving de-identified data. All methods were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
