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Article History

Received: 18 July 2025

Accepted: 22 December 2025

First Online: 8 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was a retrospective cohort analysis utilizing data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-IV database (version 2.2). The study was conducted in accordance with the STROBE guidelines. As the MIMIC-IV database contains de-identified patient data, the requirement for individual patient consent was waived by the institutional review boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC). Access to the database was granted after completion of the CITI “Data or Specimens Only Research” course (Certification ID: 28862843).

: Not applicable, as the manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.

: The authors declare no competing interests.