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Authors
Anh, Pham Hong
Vinh, Chau
Lan, Nguyen Phu Huong
Minh, Ho Quang
Ngan, Le Thi Quynh
Thao, Huynh Phuong
Nguyen, Mai Thu Si
Dung, Nguyen Thanh
Jeon, Yeonji
Park, Se Eun
Duy, Pham Thanh
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (222983/Z/21/Z)
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Article History
Received: 1 October 2025
Accepted: 25 December 2025
First Online: 31 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and with relevant regulations, approved protocol and good clinical practice. The study was approved by the HTD Ethics Committee (Number: 2630/QD-BVBND), Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee (OxTREC Reference: 530 − 22), and the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) Institutional Review Board (IRB Number: 2022-010). This was a retrospective study involving no direct patient enrollment, for which the requirement for consent to participate was waived by the HTD Ethics Committee.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
