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Article History

Received: 3 July 2025

Accepted: 26 December 2025

First Online: 14 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant guidelines and regulations. The dataset used in this study was obtained from the publicly available MIMIC-IV 3.0 database. The creation and use of the MIMIC-IV database were approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which granted a waiver of individual informed consent because all data are fully de-identified and publicly available. As the present study involved only secondary analysis of this de-identified database, no additional ethics approval or informed consent was required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.