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Authors
Mugambi, Cosmas
Mbogo, Loice
Sinkele, William
Gitau, Esther
Temu, Tecla
Farquhar, Carey
Bukusi, David
Kinuthia, John
Monroe-Wise, Aliza
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fogarty International Center and National Institute on Drug Abuse (D43TW009345-10S2)
National Institutes of Health (R01 DA043409)
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Article History
Received: 7 August 2025
Accepted: 29 December 2025
First Online: 5 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) and the University of Nairobi (UON) Ethical Committee (ERC) and the University of Washington’s Human Subjects Division while administrative approval was obtained from the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI) in Kenya. Written informed consent was obtained from all the adult participants prior to enrolment in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
