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Authors
Bara, Fagdéba David
Simfele, Hombamane Christelle
Koudema, Tédalomba
Bako, Solinba
Sakyi, Mona-Liza E.
Kudakpo, Albert Yao
Mensah, Charles
Donkor, Esther
Malm, Frederica P.
Ritter, Manuel
Awandare, Gordon A.
Katawa, Gnatoulma https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4131-5274
Amenga-Etego, Lucas N. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4468-0506
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
WACCBIP-World Bank African Centres of Excellence (WACCBIP+NCDs: Awandare)
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-050873)
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Article History
Received: 19 September 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 7 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the “Comité de Bioéthique pour la Recherche en Santé (CBRS)”, Lomé, Togo, under the Ministry of Health, Public Hygiene, and Universal Access to Care (Opinion No 045/2023/CBRS, dated November 2, 2023). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participating children, and verbal assent was obtained from the children prior to their inclusion in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
