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Article History

Received: 4 November 2025

Accepted: 30 December 2025

First Online: 24 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study has received approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB). Specifically, the IRB at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center granted consent under number De2001-P-001699/14, while the Massachusetts Institute of Technology approved the study under number 0403000206. The first author, JGW, obtained access to the MIMIC-IV database after completing an online course and assessment (Certificate ID: 39079461). The present study adheres to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This research strictly complies with local regulations and institutional requirements. Furthermore, as the database does not contain protected health information, the ethics committee/Institutional Review Board has waived the requirement for written informed consent from participants or their legal guardians/next of kin.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.