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Article History

Received: 3 August 2025

Accepted: 30 December 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study, with reference number CHRPE/AP/609/19, was granted by the Committee on Human Research, Publications, and Ethics (CHRPE), School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), in Kumasi, Ghana. Informed consent was obtained from each participant before their enrollment in the study. This research was conducted in accordance with the guidelines and regulations of CHRPE and the Declaration of Helsinki. All participant data were securely stored on encrypted, password-protected servers, with access granted only to authorized research personnel. Patient records were anonymized by removing all personal identifiers before analysis.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.