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Article History

Received: 3 June 2025

Accepted: 8 January 2026

First Online: 28 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The protocol of this study complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Children’s Hospital(2023R075-E01). The fecal samples used in this study were leftover samples from clinical testing. The subjects could no longer be contacted either because they had been discharged from hospital or because their contact information was unavailable. This research project does not involve personal privacy or commercial interests. In addition, as this was a retrospective study and the clinical data were anonymized, the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Children’s Hospital approved the waiver of informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.