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Authors
Wanjiku, Perpetual
Orindi, Benedict
Mwacharo, Jedidah
Chemweno, James
Karanja, Henry Kibe
Kronsteiner, Barbara
Kai, Oscar
Wright, Daniel
Ochola-Oyier, Lynette Isabella
Sundling, Christopher
Dunachie, Susanna
Warimwe, George M.
Färnert, Anna
Bejon, Philip
Ndungu, Francis M.
Nduati, Eunice W.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Swedish Research Council (2019-05438 and 2023-01943)
Swedish Research Council (MH 2018-02688)
NIHR Global Health Research Professorship (NIHR300791)
Wellcome Trust (203077/Z/16/Z)
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (RIA2020EF-3042)
MRC/UKRI, UK, African Research Leader (MR/P020321/1)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV 064558)
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Article History
Received: 19 March 2025
Accepted: 9 January 2026
First Online: 17 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles for medical research involving humans, including research on identifiable human material, as declared in Helsinki in 1964. We received ethical approval from the Kenya Medical Research Institute’s (KEMRI) Scientific and Ethics Review Unit (SERU) under protocols SERU 3149, 4081 and 4085. Ethical approval for the collection of the Swedish samples was obtained from the regional Ethics Committee in Stockholm, Sweden under protocols 2006/893 − 31/4 and 2019–03436. Each participant, or their parent or legal guardian, provided informed consent for their respective samples to be used for both the contemporaneous and future research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
