Document is current

Article History

Received: 4 December 2025

Accepted: 12 January 2026

First Online: 31 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This retrospective study was conducted using data from the publicly available, de-identified Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database. The establishment and release of MIMIC-IV were approved by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), with a waiver of informed consent due to retrospective data collection and full de-identification. The secondary analysis protocol for the present study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhongshan City People’s Hospital. All procedures performed in this study involving human data were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. Given the retrospective nature of this study and the use of fully anonymized data, the requirement for written informed consent from participants was formally waived by the Ethics Committee of Zhongshan City People’s Hospital.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.