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Authors
Gröhn, Stina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3772-7233
Lehto, Heini https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3187-0663
Soppela, Saana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3546-4572
Naves, Rauno A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7473-0637
Ritvos, Mikael A. https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1384-5629
Iakubovskaia, Alina https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3373-1753
Lampinen, Vili https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2153-6149
Mustonen, Iiris https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4478-1773
Pakkala, Sanniina
Husu, Elizaveta
Kakkola, Laura https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9271-4059
Julkunen, Ilkka https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0165-2564
Kolehmainen, Pekka https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5997-8167
Pasternack, Arja https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6088-4245
Ritvos, Olli https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7017-6931
Hankaniemi, Minna M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6463-1248
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Tampere University
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Article History
Received: 21 November 2025
Accepted: 16 January 2026
First Online: 29 January 2026
Declarations
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: All animal experiments in this study were carried out following the Finnish Act on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific or Educational Purposes (497/2013) and the National Institutes of Health guidelines for laboratory animal care. Procedures were approved by the Regional State Administrative Agency, Pirkanmaa, Finland (decision number ESAVI/1408/2021). All animal reporting was conducted in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines. All efforts were made to minimize animal suffering and to reduce the number of animals used. The welfare of the animals was monitored throughout the experiment. Separate ethics committee or IRB approval for animal work is not applicable under Finnish regulations.
: MMH, SG and HL are inventors in a pending patent application FI 20253474 (Immunogenic composition and uses thereof). Based on the Act on the Right in Inventions in Finland, all authors employed by Tampere University have given all rights to the University and, thus, no competing interests exist. RAN, MAR and AP developed the wuRBD-mFc-8his antigen, and they own equity in Nordic SARS Response AB that holds sole ownership and commercialization rights of the wuRBD-mFc-8his cDNA (GenBank ID: PP599180.1) and its derivates used in this study. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.
