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Authors
Ruan, Qiaoling
Zhang, Yanliang
Zhao, Tingting
Zhu, Feng
Liu, Xi
Cao, Ran
Li, Yongzhong
Zhang, Xiaoqiang
Song, Wei
Geng, Jiawei
Zou, Deming
Li, Yuanyuan
Zhang, Liaoyun
Wu, Chao
Lan, Yuanbo
Ding, Xiangchun
Huang, Fuli
Wu, Jiqin
Sun, Feng
Shao, Lingyun
Zhang, Wenhong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC3043400)
Shanghai Sci-Tech Inno Center for Infection & Immunity (SSIII-202402)
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Article History
Received: 1 December 2025
Accepted: 16 January 2026
First Online: 6 March 2026
Declarations
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: The protocol and all amendments were approved by the ethics committees of Huashan Hospital (Study Number 2023-065) and its collaborating hospitals. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal representatives before screening. All patient data were treated with strict confidentiality, and records were anonymized for analysis. All procedures involving human participants in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees, and in full compliance with the principles outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
