Huang, Ping
Yang, Qiuyue
Wang, Xintong
Lai, Qiqi
Zhang, Jiannan
Kang, Kai
Zhao, Mingyan
Funding for this research was provided by:
Heilongjiang Province Key R&D Program (GA23C007)
Heilongjiang Province Key R&D Program (GA21C011)
the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (82172164)
Article History
Received: 9 April 2025
Accepted: 19 January 2026
First Online: 31 January 2026
Declarations
:
: Access to the MIMIC-IV database was granted to one author (P. Huang) after successful completion of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) human research participant protection training and the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) certification (ID: 61915383). The database was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (Boston, MA). As the database contains fully de-identified patient data, informed consent was not required for this retrospective cohort study. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.