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Article History

Received: 13 October 2025

Accepted: 22 January 2026

First Online: 2 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects Universiti Putra Malaysia (JKEUPM) (reference number: JKEUPM-2025-176) and the Clinical Research Unit of the university hospital. This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki-Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants. A written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.