Zhang, Yue
Wang, Chenguang
Chai, Yanfen
Article History
Received: 7 February 2025
Accepted: 23 January 2026
First Online: 10 February 2026
Declarations
:
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision) and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (Full IRB name: “Research Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital”; Approval No. IRB2025-YX-010–01). The requirement for written informed consent was formally waived by the IRB under Article 32 of China’s “Ethical Review Measures for Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Humans” (National Health Commission Order No. 2, 2023), which permits retrospective studies using anonymized clinical data to proceed without individual consent. All patient data were de-identified prior to analysis to ensure confidentiality.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.