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Article History

Received: 13 November 2025

Accepted: 30 January 2026

First Online: 6 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve any human intervention or clinical trials. This study is exempt from ethical review in accordance with Article 32 of the “Ethical Review Measures for Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Subjects” issued by the Chinese government. The collection of surveillance data followed the guidelines and regulations outlined in the “National Malaria Elimination Action Plan (2010–2020)” and “Management Approach for Preventing Re-transmission of Malaria”. As all data were anonymized and contained no personal identifiers or private health information, the requirement for informed consent was also deemed unnecessary. Therefore, ethics approval was not required for this study. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.