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Article History

Received: 3 October 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 21 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This project was submitted to the local IRB at the Medical University of South Carolina and granted exempt status, as it was determined to be quality improvement as part of an effort to improve AKI rates in patients undergoing heart transplantation and was therefore not subject to IRB review or approval. Consent to participate was waived as this project was determined to be quality improvement. This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: AG, EP, and CH report no disclosures. AK reports no disclosures directly relevant to the manuscript.  AK receives research funding from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.  AK reports consulting and speaking relationships with Abiomed, Abbott, 3ive, and LivaNova. AK is a national principal investigator on an industry sponsored clinical trial with Abbott. RT reports no disclosures relevant to this manuscript.  RT is Deputy Editor for the Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation.   RT reports general disclosures to include consulting relationships with and receiving honorarium/consulting fees from Abbott, Acorai, Adona, Aria CV Inc., Acceleron/Merck, Alleviant, Boston Scientific, Cytokinetics, Endotronix, Edwards LifeSciences, Gradient, Medtronic, Merck, Morphic Therapeutics, Pulmovant, Restore Medical, Tempus AI, and United Therapeutics. RT serves on steering committee for Abbott, Edwards, Endotronix, Gradient,  Merck and Tempus AI as well as a research advisory board for ​Abiomed. BAM reports no disclosures relevant to this manuscript. BAM reports consulting relationships with Vantive Corporate.

: The authors declare no competing interests.