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Authors
Tan, Andrew Chun Hoong
Ramzi, Nurul Hanis
Johari, Nur Alia
Lai, Pei Kuan
Wong, Simone
Chang, Xuan Qi
Lin, Eileen Eng Jia
Lum, Xin Ru
Roslan, Azim Haikal Md
Nathan, Anna Marie
Teh, Cindy Shuan Ju
Ilias, Mohamad Ikram
Deris, Zakuan Zainy
Bakar, Asrar Abu
Helmi, Muhd Alwi Muhd
Kamarudin, Norhidayah
Sulaiman, Lokman Hakim
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
MSD (MSIP #60200)
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Article History
Received: 20 May 2025
Accepted: 2 February 2026
First Online: 12 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the IMU Joint Committee on Research & Ethics (4.15/JCM-216/2021 and 4.5/JCM-267/2023), the Human Research Ethics Committee, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM/JEPeM/21020190), the International Islamic University Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (IREC 2021 − 114), and University Malaya Medical Centre (MREC ID No: 2021128-9769).
: Not required because no individual identifiers have been included in the manuscript.
: LHS acts as principal investigator for studies conducted on behalf of IMU University that are sponsored by vaccine manufacturers. No personal payments are received from them. NHR and NAJ have received financial assistance from vaccine manufacturers to attend conferences. All grants and honoraria are paid into accounts within the respective universities. All other authors have no conflicts of interest.
