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Article History

Received: 24 October 2025

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 9 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed by the Johns Hopkins University institutional review board and determined to be exempt from humans subject research with a waiver of consent (IRB00212246). As such, no informed consent was required. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: JX is currently employed by CareDx. SXZ is partially supported by funding from IMMY Diagnostics, Vela Diagnostics, Applied BioCode, T2 Biosystems, Pearl Diagnostics, and Scanogen. JWB was a prior consultant for Pfizer. SS receives funding from F2G, Cidara, Ansun, and Zeteo; consults for Celtrion, Adagio, Immunome, Scynexis, Karius, and Pfizer; and has stock options with Immunome. SS also served on the Board of Governors of the American College of Physicians. CMD received payments from Gilead for grant reviewing and conducts research studies with drug donated by Gilead. WAW has received consulting and/or speaking fees from AstraZeneca and advisory board fees from AstraZeneca and Novavax. KAM discloses employment and equity in Elion Therapeutics and equity and royalty income from Pearl Diagnostics. RKA receives study funding from Aicuris, Astra-Zeneca, Merck, Takeda, and United Therapeutics. NP consults for Shionogi Inc, Pulmocide, Ltd, ClearView HealthCare Partners, and Alcimed, and receives study grant support from CareDx, IMMY Diagnostics, and Merck.