Yu, Xinran
Feng, Bing
Su, Zhen
Article History
Received: 23 September 2024
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 16 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The requirement of ethical approval for this was waived by the Institutional Review Board of Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, because the data was accessed from MIMIC-IV database (a publicly available database). The need for written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University due to retrospective nature of the study. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration (1975, as revised in 2024) and the data use agreement for the MIMIC-IV database. The reporting of this study follows the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.