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Article History

Received: 2 September 2025

Accepted: 12 February 2026

First Online: 17 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was granted by the Research Ethics Review Committee of the Ministry of Health in Oyo State, Nigeria, with the number NEREC/OYSHRIEC/10/11/22 for the implementation of the study, with a waiver for consent for the extraction and utilisation of patients’ data. Permission to use the data was obtained from the healthcare facilities, subject to the condition that the data would be used solely for research and analysis. The data are fully anonymised and contain no personally identifiable information, safeguarding the privacy and confidentiality of all original participants. No new data were directly collected from participants for this research. The research team ensured that all data were securely stored and accessible only to authorised personnel to prevent unauthorised use or disclosure. This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki governing the use of secondary data in research.

: Ethical approval was granted by the Research Ethics Review Committee of the Ministry of Health in Oyo State, Nigeria, with the number NEREC/OYSHRIEC/10/11/22 for the implementation of the study, with a waiver of informed consent for both minors and adults. Due to the vulnerability of participants under 16, extra care was taken to ensure compliance with ethical guidelines that protect minors.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.