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Article History

Received: 23 December 2025

Accepted: 16 February 2026

First Online: 23 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the University of British Columbia’s Research Ethics Board (2023 UBC REB# H23-02685). All participants provided informed consent before participating in the survey. The research was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: Dr. Sofia Bartlett (she/her) is the senior author of this research article and currently serves as the Interim Scientific Director for Sexually Transmitted and Blood-Borne Infections at the BC Centre for Disease Control within Clinical Prevention Services. Her research focuses primarily on hepatitis C virus (HCV) and improving health outcomes for marginalized populations, including people who use drugs, those who are incarcerated, and individuals experiencing unstable housing. To learn more about Dr. Bartlett and her work, please visit stbbipathways.ca.

: Sofia R. Bartlett reports a relationship with Gilead Sciences that includes: funding grants and non-financial support. Sofia R. Bartlett reports a relationship with AbbVie Inc that includes: funding grants. Sofia R. Bartlett reports a relationship with Pfizer Inc that includes: funding grants. Sofia R. Bartlett reports a relationship with TD BANK that includes: funding grants. Sofia R. Bartlett reports a relationship with Pacific Public Health Foundation that includes: funding grants. Serves as an unpaid non-executive director for Canadian registered non-profit Unlocking the Gates Services Society and Australian and Papua New Guinean registered non-profit Grass Skirt Project (SRB). If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.