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Authors
Chen, Xu
Qi, Yuanjun
Zhang, Yi
Shi, Kaijia
Tian, Xinghan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2025MS144)
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Article History
Received: 23 December 2025
Accepted: 24 February 2026
First Online: 29 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The data were obtained from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV, version 3.1), a publicly available and fully de-identified database. Its use for secondary analyses is exempt from institutional review under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). As all data were retrospective and contained no identifiable patient information, ethical approval and informed consent were waived.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
