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Authors
Shin, Youngmin https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9185-0630
Eun, Sang Jun https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5868-1679
Lee, Ju-Mi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1984-1710
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Article History
Received: 11 December 2025
Accepted: 5 March 2026
First Online: 14 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Chungnam National University (approval No. 202505-SB-084-01) and was exempted from full ethical review. The requirement for informed consent was waived because the dataset used (NHIS-NSC) consists of fully de-identified secondary data provided by the NHIS, ensuring that no individual participant can be identified. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All analyses were performed using publicly available data released for research and public health purposes.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
