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Authors
Xie, Xiaoman
Zhu, ZhiXian
Cao, XinYu
Pan, Qiong
Zhao, Dong
Chai, Jin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8543-4566
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing，China (cstc2025jcyj-jqX008)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82450104)
Open Project of Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Organ Intelligent Bio-Manufacturing (CQERC-OIBM20241010)
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Article History
Received: 6 November 2025
Accepted: 16 March 2026
First Online: 18 April 2026
Declarations
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: All data utilized in this study were anonymized, and informed consent was waived in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and U.S. federal regulations. Each database received ethical approval from its respective institutional review board (IRB) prior to data collection. The eICU Collaborative Research Database (eICU-CRD) was approved by theMassachusetts Institute of Technology Institutional Review Board (MIT IRB). The Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) and MIMIC-IV databases were approved by theBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Committee on Clinical Investigations (BIDMC IRB). The Northwestern ICU (NWICU-1.0) database was approved by theNorthwestern University Institutional Review Board (NU IRB). The requirement for individual patient consent was waived due to the use of retrospectively collected, de-identified data. All researchers completed appropriate ethics and security training (Credential ID: 70883411) prior to data access. This study adhered to all relevant data use agreements and was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
