Wu, Zheyuan
Zhou, Yaohan
Chen, Jing
Rao, Lixin
Xiao, Xiao
Zu, Ping
Shen, Xin
Zhang, Wenhong
Funding for this research was provided by:
Top Young Talents in Shanghai
Shanghai three-year action plan to strengthen the public health system (GWVI-11.1-05)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFC2311205)
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Big Data Applications for Public Health (25dz2260600)
Article History
Received: 8 September 2025
Accepted: 18 March 2026
First Online: 2 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The study was approved by the Ethical Review Committee at Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The approval number was 2025-3. Since only anonymized secondary data were used, no informed consent was sought. Clinical trial number: not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.