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Authors
Hssain, Ali Ait
Bahramnezhad, Fatemeh
vahedian-azimi, Amir https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1678-7608
Salesi, Mahmood
Raïq, Hicham
Abdelrahman, Abrar
AlMulla, Asma’a
Kouidri, Walid
Al-Qadhi, Alaa
Zerouali, Nassima
Alkhayyat, Latifa
Soltani, Abderrezzaq
Abdelsalam, Ibrahim
Alshammari, Muna
Izadi, Morteza
Fooladi, Abbas Ali Imani
Agouni, Abdelali
Azoulay, Elie
Darmon, Michael
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Article History
Received: 17 October 2025
Accepted: 19 March 2026
First Online: 26 March 2026
Declarations
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: This seven-year retrospective cohort study, titled CLEAN-Q was conducted at Hamad General Hospital, the tertiary governmental hospital in Qatar, covering the period from January 2014 to December 2021. The study adhered strictly to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and received formal approvals from the Institutional Review Boards of Hamad Medical Corporation (MRC-01-20-192) and Qatar University (QU-IRB 1998-E/23). Due to the retrospective nature and the use of anonymized patient data, informed consent was waived in accordance with ethical guidelines. All reporting complies with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines.
: Not applicable.
: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors utilized Gemini Pro (Google) to assist in the design of the visual abstract, as well as for linguistic refinement and textual enhancement. The authors thoroughly reviewed and edited all algorithmically assisted content and assume full responsibility for the final manuscript’s integrity and scientific content.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
