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Authors
Zhao, Hao
Huo, Da
Dong, Shuaibing
Xu, Hui
Gao, Zhiyong
Feng, Jiaxin
Li, Renqing
Liang, Zhichao
Yang, Yang
Jia, Lei
Wang, Xiaoli
Yang, Peng
Zhang, Daitao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Beijing High-Level Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent Support Program young backbone talent projects (G202533321)
Special Research Project for Capital Health Development (2024-2G-3016)
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Article History
Received: 25 January 2026
Accepted: 20 March 2026
First Online: 26 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control. The data used in this study were retrospectively collected from the Beijing HFMD routine surveillance system from 2019 to 2024. All data were fully anonymized prior to analysis, with all personally identifiable information removed. As this study involved no direct contact with human participants, no intervention, and used only anonymized secondary data from routine public health surveillance, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee. This waiver is in accordance with Article 39 of the Measures for the Ethical Review of Biomedical Research Involving Humans issued by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, which permits waiver of informed consent for research using anonymized data where subjects cannot be traced and the research does not involve personal privacy or commercial interests.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
