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Article History

Received: 9 November 2025

Accepted: 23 March 2026

First Online: 18 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol received review and approval from the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (Approval No. 20251115075726417). Given the retrospective nature of the research, which utilized fully anonymized medical record data, the ethics committee granted an exemption from the requirement to obtain informed consent. All procedures adhered to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. As data collection was conducted using de-identified records and did not involve any direct engagement with patients or their guardians, the need for informed consent from legal guardians was formally waived in accordance with the ethical approval.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.