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Article History

Received: 21 August 2025

Accepted: 30 March 2026

First Online: 3 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Review Board of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC, Boston, MA, USA). Access to the MIMIC-IV database was approved after completion of the required training (Certification No. 61424658). Since the database is de-identified, the requirement for individual patient consent was waived.

: Not applicable, as this study was a secondary analysis of an open, de-identified database (MIMIC-IV).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.