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Article History

Received: 20 January 2026

Accepted: 31 March 2026

First Online: 3 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The Ethics Committee of the Public Health School of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Kinshasa (DRC) approved this study, which is part of a series of studies on OIs in HIV patients in Kinshasa being conducted by our research team (approval number: ESP/CE/183/2024 ). As the study data were collected retrospectively long after the patients had been discharged from hospital, informed consent was not obtained from the participants. This was also deemed inappropriate by the ethics committee in view of the retrospective nature of the study (including all known local difficulties in tracing patients after discharge) and the fact that only anonymized/de-identified patient records were considered. Although this, authorization to access medical records and use the data for scientific publication purposes was obtained from the clinic’s religious leaders and the MSF team (who also participated in the study). Ethical rules regarding patient privacy and anonymity were rigorously respected in accordance with the principles of Helsinki. The data collected for this study were completely depersonalized and used solely and exclusively for study purposes.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.