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Article History

Received: 24 January 2026

Accepted: 1 April 2026

First Online: 13 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study involved human participants. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa before the start of the study and prior to participant recruitment (approval number: ESP/CE/108/2025). All study procedures were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment. Participation was voluntary, and confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.